Project Vision
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Methanol is the simplest alcohol, consisting of a methyl group linked to a hydroxyl group. It is a light, volatile, colorless, flammable liquid with a distinctive odor similar to that of ethanol. Methanol production with methanotrophic strains is generally conducted in mineral media prepared in phosphate buffer with MDH inhibitors by adding electron donors. Stable and low-cost chemicals, such as NaCl, may be more feasible for large-scale methanol production.
•Feed Purification
•Reforming
•Methanol Synthesis
•Methanol Purification
The
Methanol is used to manufacture many consumer and industrial products and is an alternative fuel source. The largest use for methanol is as a feedstock for the plastics industry.
About 90 percent of ammonia produced is used in fertilizer, to help sustain food production for billions of people around the world. The production of food crops naturally depletes soil nutrient supplies. In order to maintain healthy crops, farmers rely on fertilizers to keep their soils productive. Fertilizers can also help increase levels of essential nutrients like zinc, selenium and boron in food crops.
On its own or as an ingredient in many household cleaning products, ammonia can be used to clean a variety of household surfaces – from tubs, sinks and toilets to bathroom and kitchen countertops and tiles. Ammonia also is effective at breaking down household grime or stains from animal fats or vegetable oils, such as cooking grease and wine stains. Because ammonia evaporates quickly, it is commonly used in glass cleaning solutions to help avoid streaking.
When used as a refrigerant gas and in air-conditioning equipment, ammonia can absorb substantial amounts of heat from its surroundings. Ammonia can be used to purify water supplies and as a building block in the manufacture of many products including plastics, explosives, fabrics, pesticides and dyes. Ammonia also is used in the waste and wastewater treatment, cold storage, rubber, pulp and paper and food and beverage industries as a stabilizer, neutralizer and a source of nitrogen. It also is used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals.
Urea is made from ammonia and carbon dioxide. The ammonia and carbon dioxide are fed into the reactor at high pressure and temperature, and the urea is formed in a two-step reaction. The urea contains unreacted NH3 and CO2 and ammonium carbamate. As the pressure is reduced and heat applied the NH2COONH4 decomposes to NH3 and CO2. The ammonia and carbon dioxide are recycled. The urea solution is then concentrated to give 99.6% w/w molten urea, and granulated for use as fertilizer and chemical feedstock.
• Fertilizer
• Foliar Fertilization
• Chemicals and Plastics
• Dietary Supplement for Livestock
• Production of Resins
Ethylene is produced commercially by the steam cracking of a wide range of hydrocarbon feedstocks. In Europe and Asia, ethylene is obtained mainly from cracking naphtha, gasoil and condensates with the coproduction of propylene, C4 olefins and aromatics (pyrolysis gasoline). The cracking of ethane and propane, primarily carried out in the US, Canada and the Middle East, has the advantage that it only produces ethylene and propylene, making the plants cheaper to construct and less complicated to operate.
Ethylene is the raw material used in the manufacture of polymers such as polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polystyrene (PS) as well as fibers and other organic chemicals. These products are used in a wide variety of industrial and consumer markets such as the packaging, transportation, electrical/electronic, textile and construction industries as well as consumer chemicals, coatings and adhesives.
High density polyethylene (HDPE) is a long-chain polymer or plastic. Polyethylene is the most common form of plastic in the world and can be processed in a number of ways to make it thin, flexible, fluffy or strong and hard such as with HDPE. HDPE is primarily used for wood-plastic composites such as plastic lumber. It is also blow molded to make plastic bottles, such as soda bottles.
Ethylene is the raw material used in the manufacture of polymers such as polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polystyrene (PS) as well as fibers and other organic chemicals. These products are used in a wide variety of industrial and consumer markets such as the packaging, transportation, electrical/electronic, textile and construction industries as well as consumer chemicals, coatings and adhesives.
Separation/Drying: Slurry is transferred to a high-speed centrifuge from which it is separated into solvent and wet powders. The separated solvent is supplied to the reactor and some solvents are recycled in the process through refining. Wet powders are transferred to the powder dryer and dried.
Transfer/Extrusion: The wet powders are dried in the powder dryer by evaporating the solvent with high-temperature nitrogen and steam. The evaporated solvent is recovered by the scrubber. The dried powders are transferred to the extrusion process where they are melted and pelletized in the extruder. Then they are transferred to the storage silo.
Storage & Packaging: The products transferred to the pellet silo are cooled by air and homogenized.
Some of the major uses of high density polyethylene include:
Other applications of HDPE include
LLDPE is produced by polymerization of ethylene (or ethane monomer) with 1-butene and smaller amounts of 1-hexene and 1-octene, using Ziegler-Natta or metallocene catalysts. It is structurally similar to LDPE. The structure of LLDPE has a linear backbone with short, uniform branches (unlike longer branches of LDPE). These short branches are able slide against each other upon elongation without becoming entangled like LPDE. In the present day scenario, linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) has been quite successful in replacing Low Density Polyethylene.
• Very flexible with high impact strength
• Translucent and natural milky color
• Excellent for mild and strong buffers, good chemical resistance
• Good water vapor and alcohol barrier properties
• Good stress crack and impact resistance
LLDPE has penetrated almost all traditional markets for polyethylene; it is used for plastic bags and sheets (where it allows using lower thickness than comparable LDPE), plastic wrap, stretch wrap, pouches, toys, covers, lids, pipes, buckets and containers, covering of cables, geomembranes, and mainly flexible tubing.
Polypropylene belongs to the group of polyolefin and is partially crystalline and non-polar. Its properties are similar to polyethylene, but it is slightly harder and more heat resistant. It is a white, mechanically rugged material and has a high chemical resistance. The industrial production processes can be grouped into gas phase polymerization, bulk polymerization and slurry polymerization. All state-of-the-art processes use either gas-phase or bulk reactor systems.
• In gas-phase and slurry-reactors......
•• In bulk polymerization......
••• In the slurry polymerization......
• In gas-phase and slurry-reactors, the polymer is formed around heterogeneous catalyst particles. The gas-phase polymerization is carried out in a fluidized bed reactor, propene is passed over a bed containing the heterogeneous (solid) catalyst and the formed polymer is separated as a fine powder and then converted into pellets. Unreacted gas is recycled and fed back into the reactor.
•• In bulk polymerization, liquid propene acts as a solvent to prevent the precipitation of the polymer. The polymerization proceeds at 60 to 80 °C and 30–40 atm are applied to keep the propene in the liquid state. For the bulk polymerization, typically loop reactors are applied. The bulk polymerization is limited to a maximum of 5% ethane as comonomer due to a limited solubility of the polymer in the liquid propene.
••• In the slurry polymerization, typically C4–C6 alkanes (butane, pentane or hexane) are utilized as inert diluent to suspend the growing polymer particles. Propene is introduced into the mixture as a gas.
PP belongs to polyolefin family of polymers and is one of the top three widely used polymers today. Polypropylene has applications both as a plastic and a fiber in:
• Automotive Industry
• Industrial Applications
• Consumer Goods, and
• Furniture Market
